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Citation inequity and gendered citation practices in contemporary physics

Nature Physics volume 18, pages 1161–1170 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

The under-attribution of women’s contributions to scientific scholarship is well known and well studied. One measure of this under-attribution is the citation gap between men and women: the under-citation of papers authored by women relative to expected rates coupled with an over-citation of papers authored by men relative to expected rates. Here we explore this citation gap in contemporary physics. We find a global bias wherein papers authored by women are significantly under-cited, and papers authored by men are significantly over-cited. Moreover, we find that citation behaviour varies along several dimensions, such that imbalances differ according to who is citing, where they are citing and what they are citing. Specifically, citation imbalance in favour of man-authored papers is highest for papers authored by men, papers published in general physics journals and papers for which citing authors probably have less domain or author familiarity. Our results suggest that although deciding which papers to cite is an individual choice, the cumulative effects of these choices needlessly harm a subset of scholars. We discuss several strategies for the mitigation of these effects, including conscious behavioural changes at the individual, journal and community levels.

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Fig. 1: Time-varying demographics of published papers according to author gender category.
Fig. 2: Over-/under-citation of physics papers is imbalanced with respect to author gender category.
Fig. 3: Citation behaviour varies across time and according to citing author gender category.
Fig. 4: Citation behaviour varies according to citer proximity to cited work.
Fig. 5: Additional correlates of citation behaviour.

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Data availability

The data generated and analysed for this study are available in an Open Science Framework repository and can be accessed at https://osf.io/p5cb7/.

Code availability

The code used to generate Figs. 1–5 can be accessed at https://osf.io/p5cb7/, and the code used for the data processing and analyses presented in this study can be accessed at https://github.com/jdwor/gendercitation.

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Acknowledgements

We thank S. Loman for helpful discussions. E.G.T, L.C.B. and D.S.B. are supported by the National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at University of Pennsylvania (NSF grant number DMR-1120901). J.Z.K. is supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. C.W.L. is supported by a James S. McDonnell Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship. S.C.S. acknowledges support from the University Scholars programme at the University of Pennsylvania. P.S. is supported by the Swartz Foundation. P.Z. and D.S.B also acknowledge support from the Center for Curiosity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Erin G. Teich, Jason Z. Kim, Andrei A. Klishin, Pragya Srivastava & Dani S. Bassett

  2. Initiative for the Theoretical Sciences, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Christopher W. Lynn

  3. Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Christopher W. Lynn

  4. Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Samantha C. Simon & Dani S. Bassett

  5. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Karol P. Szymula

  6. Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Lee C. Bassett & Dani S. Bassett

  7. Department of Philosophy & Religion, American University, Washington, DC, USA

    Perry Zurn

  8. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    Jordan D. Dworkin

  9. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Jordan D. Dworkin

  10. Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Dani S. Bassett

  11. Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Dani S. Bassett

  12. Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA

    Dani S. Bassett

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Teich, E.G., Kim, J.Z., Lynn, C.W. et al. Citation inequity and gendered citation practices in contemporary physics. Nat. Phys. 18, 1161–1170 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01770-1

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